Sólmyrkvi staðfestir afstæðiskenninguna

# Sólmyrkvi staðfestir afstæðiskenninguna

Matthias Harksen

Í Veröld húsi Vigdísar 23. október 2025

harksen.is/slides/solmyrkvi

---

## Námur Salómons konungs og Ævintýri Tinna

---

## Þrjár gerðir af sólmyrkvum

---

## Sólmyrkvinn miðvikudaginn 12. ágúst 2026

<table style="width:80%; margin:auto; font-size:1.6rem; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; color:#111;">
  <thead>
    <tr style="background-color:#3b2e91; color:white;">
      <th style="padding:0.6rem;">Staður</th>
      <th style="padding:0.6rem;">Upphaf deildarmyrkva</th>
      <th style="padding:0.6rem;">Upphaf almyrkva</th>
      <th style="padding:0.6rem;">Lok almyrkva</th>
      <th style="padding:0.6rem;">Lok deildarmyrkva</th>
      <th style="padding:0.6rem;">Lengd almyrkva</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr style="background-color:#f3f1ff;">
      <td style="padding:0.6rem;">Látrabjarg</td>
      <td>16:43:39</td>
      <td>17:44:28</td>
      <td>17:46:41</td>
      <td>18:44:55</td>
      <td>2m 13s</td>
    </tr>
    <tr style="background-color:#ffffff;">
      <td style="padding:0.6rem;">Reykjavík</td>
      <td>16:47:12</td>
      <td>17:48:16</td>
      <td>17:49:15</td>
      <td>18:47:37</td>
      <td>59s</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

---

## Hvað hafði landinn um sólmyrkvann 30. júní 1954 að segja?

---

## FOMO: Fear Of Missing Out

---

## solmyrkvi2026.is

---

## Sævar Helgi og Stjarnvísindafélag Íslands

<div style="width:80%; height:58vh;
              background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/gjaldthrot.png');
              background-size:90% auto; background-position:top center; background-repeat:no-repeat;
              margin-left:10%;">
  </div>

<div class="fragment" style="position:absolute; top:4vh; left:10%; width:80%; height:58vh; display:flex; justify-content:space-between;">

</div>
</div>

---

## Hvernig virkar sólmyrkvi?

---

## Af hverju er þá ekki almyrkvi í hverjum einasta mánuði?

---

## Hvað er sólmyrkvi?

---

---

---

<div style="display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; max-width:85%; margin:0 auto;">
  <blockquote style="flex:1; font-size:2.4rem; line-height:1.2; margin:0; text-align:left;">
    “If I have been able to see further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
  </blockquote>

<div style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center; margin-left:2rem;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/isaac-newton.jpeg" alt="Isaac Newton" style="height:12rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.2rem; margin-bottom:0.5rem;" />
    <span style="font-size:1.4rem;">— Isaac Newton</span>
  </div>
</div>

---

---

## Annus Mirabilis (1905)

---

## Zurich stílabókin (1912)

<div class="fragment" style="
    position:absolute;
    left:50%;
    bottom:-2.5rem;
    transform:translateX(-50%);
    width:48%;
    text-align:center;
    font-size:1.15rem;
    line-height:1.25;
    background:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);
    color:#fff;
    padding:0.25rem 0.6rem;
    border-radius:0.4rem;
    box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
    z-index:3;">
    <em>zu umständlich</em> = of flókið
  </div>
</div>

---

<div style="display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; max-width:80%; margin:0 auto;">
  <blockquote style="flex:1; font-size:2.4rem; line-height:1.2; margin:0; text-align:left;">
    “Every boy in the streets of Göttingen understands more about four
    dimensional geometry than Einstein. Yet, in spite of that, Einstein
    did the work and not the mathematicians.”
  </blockquote>

<div style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center; margin-left:2rem;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/david-hilbert.png" alt="David Hilbert" style="height:12rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.2rem; margin-bottom:0.5rem;" />
    <span style="font-size:1.4rem;">— David Hilbert</span>
  </div>
</div>

---

## Þrjár leiðir til að staðfesta afstæðiskenninguna

---

## Rutherford tvístrun

---

## Sveigja ljóss í sígildri eðlisfræði

---

## Hvernig mælir maður svona?

---

<img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/einstein-handwritten.jpg" alt="Einstein handrit" style="max-height:80vh; max-width:100%; object-fit:contain; display:block; margin:0 auto;" />

<div class="fragment" style="
        position:absolute;
        top:2.5rem;
        right:4%;
        display:flex;
        flex-direction:column;
        align-items:center;
        gap:0.4rem;
      ">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/freundlich.jpeg" alt="Erwin Finlay-Freundlich" style="height:20vh; border-radius:0.5rem; box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.45);" />
    <span style="
          font-size:1.1rem;
          color:#fff;
          background:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);
          padding:0.15rem 0.6rem;
          border-radius:0.35rem;
          box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
        ">
      Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
    </span>
  </div>

</section>

---

## Sólmyrkvi 29. maí 1919 (Principe og Sobral)

<div style="position:absolute; inset:0;
    background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/both.png');
    background-size:90% auto; background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat;">
  </div>

<div class="fragment fade-out" data-fragment-index="1" style="position:absolute; left:6%; top:9vh;
              display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;
              z-index:2; pointer-events:none;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/crommelin.png" alt="Andrew Crommelin og Charles Rundle Davidson" style="height:min(16vh, 20rem); border-radius:0.4rem;
         box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);" />
    <div style="margin-top:0.12rem; display:flex; gap:0.5rem;">
      <span style="background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92);
                   padding:0.15rem 0.55rem; border-radius:0.35rem;
                   font-size:1.0rem; color:#000;">
        Andrew Crommelin
      </span>
      <span style="background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92);
                   padding:0.15rem 0.55rem; border-radius:0.35rem;
                   font-size:1.0rem; color:#000;">
        Charles Rundle Davidson
      </span>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="fragment fade-out" data-fragment-index="1" style="position:absolute; right:6%; bottom:9vh;
              display:flex; gap:1rem; align-items:flex-end;
              z-index:2; pointer-events:none;">
    <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;">
      <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/arthur-eddington.jpeg" alt="Arthur Eddington" style="height:min(16vh, 20rem); border-radius:0.4rem;
           box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);" />
      <span style="margin-top:0.12rem; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92);
                   padding:0.15rem 0.55rem; border-radius:0.35rem;
                   font-size:1.0rem; color:#000;">
        Arthur Eddington
      </span>
    </div>
    <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;">
      <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/dyson.jpeg" alt="Frank Watson Dyson" style="height:min(16vh, 20rem); border-radius:0.4rem;
           box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);" />
      <span style="margin-top:0.12rem; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92);
                   padding:0.15rem 0.55rem; border-radius:0.35rem;
                   font-size:1.0rem; color:#000;">
        Frank Watson Dyson
      </span>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" style="position:absolute; inset:0; z-index:9;
              background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/sobral-sjonauki.jpg');
              background-size:cover; background-position:center;
              background-repeat:no-repeat;">
  </div>

</div>

---

## Niðurstöður Eddington tilraunar 1919

---

<div style="
    position:absolute; left:52%; top:1rem; transform:translateX(-50%);
    width:82%; max-width:84rem; height:15vh;
    background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/titill-eddington.png');
    background-size:contain; background-position:left center; background-repeat:no-repeat;
    filter:drop-shadow(0 6px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.45));
    pointer-events:none;
  " aria-label="Titill greinar"></div>

<div style="
    position:absolute; top:1rem; right:4%; height:15vh;
    display:flex; align-items:center; gap:1rem;
  ">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/arthur-eddington.jpeg" alt="Arthur Eddington" style="height:11.5vh; border-radius:0.4rem; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);" />
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/dyson.jpeg" alt="Frank Watson Dyson" style="height:11.5vh; border-radius:0.4rem; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);" />
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/cdavidson.png" alt="Charles Davidson" style="height:11.5vh; border-radius:0.4rem; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);" />
  </div>

<div style="
    position:absolute; left:0; right:0; top:16.5vh; bottom:1.2vh;
    display:flex; gap:2rem; padding:0 3%;
  ">
    
    <div style="flex:1 1 48%; display:flex; flex-direction:column;">
      <div style="
        flex:1; margin-bottom:0.4rem;
        background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/tilgangur.png');
        background-size:contain; background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat;
        border-radius:0.6rem; box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
      " aria-label="Tilgangur"></div>

<div style="
      flex:1 1 52%;
      background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/eddington-graf.png');
      background-size:contain; background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat;
      border-radius:0.6rem; box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.38);
    " aria-label="Graf"></div>
  </div>

</div>

---

## Fjölmiðlar

---

## Hin vísindalega aðferð

---

## The Modern Eddington Experiment (MEE)

<div style="width:80%; height:58vh; background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/modern.png');
              background-size:contain; background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat; margin-left:10%;">
  </div>

<div class="fragment" style="position:absolute; top:4vh; left:10%; width:80%; height:58vh;
              background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/toby_dittrich.jpeg');
              background-size:contain; background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat;">
  </div>

</div>

---

## Hugsanleg Eddington tilraun 2026

---

## Eddington bíómyndin

<img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/ems.jpeg" alt="Eddington" style="height:68vh; border-radius:0.6rem; box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);" />

<img class="fragment" src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/edein.jpg" alt="Einstein and Eddington" style="height:68vh; border-radius:0.6rem; box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);" />

</div>

---

## Takk fyrir áheyrnina

### Spurningar?

---

## Aukaglærur

---

## Hvernig tengist þetta kvartilaskiptum Tunglsins?

---

## Um gagnsemi gagnslausrar þekkingar

<div style="display:flex; gap:2rem; align-items:stretch; justify-content:center; width:100%; max-height:72vh; margin-top:1rem;">
  <figure style="flex:0 0 36%; display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/flexner.jpeg" alt="Abraham Flexner" style="max-height:60vh; width:auto; object-fit:contain; display:block;" />
    <figcaption style="margin-top:0.6rem; font-size:1rem; text-align:center;">
      Abraham Flexner<br />forstjóri IAS Princeton (1930-1939)
    </figcaption>
  </figure>

<p style="position:absolute; left:65%; top:45%; color:black; font-size:1.5rem;">
  Robbert Dijkgraaf
</p>

<p style="position:absolute; left:31%; top:4%; color:white; font-size:1.5rem;">
  (The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge)
</p>

---

## Rutherford tvístrun

---

## Endurminningar um jólaboð Chandrasekhars

<div style="display:flex; align-items:flex-start; justify-content:space-between; max-width:90%; margin:0 auto; gap:2rem;">
  <div style="flex:1;">
    <div style="display:block; text-align:center;">
      <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/trinity-dinner.jpg" alt="Trinity College Christmas Dinner 1933" style="width:100%; max-height:70vh; object-fit:cover; border-radius:0.3rem; display:block; margin:0 auto;" />
      <div style="font-size:1.3rem; margin-top:0.4rem; opacity:0.85;">
        Trinity Hall, Cambridge
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div style="flex:1; display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/chandrasekhar.jpeg" alt="S. Chandrasekhar" style="height:18rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.3rem; margin-bottom:0.4rem;" />
    <div style="font-size:1.4rem;">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</div>
  </div>
</div>

<div style="display:flex; justify-content:space-around; align-items:flex-start; max-width:90%; margin:2rem auto 0;">
  <div style="text-align:center;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/rutherfords.jpg" alt="Ernest Rutherford" style="height:6rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.3rem; margin-bottom:0.3rem;" />
    <div style="font-size:1.2rem;">Ernest Rutherford</div>
  </div>

<div style="text-align:center;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/arthur-eddington.jpeg" alt="Arthur Eddington" style="height:6rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.3rem; margin-bottom:0.3rem;" />
    <div style="font-size:1.2rem;">Arthur Eddington</div>
  </div>

<div style="text-align:center;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/Du_Val.jpeg" alt="Patrick du Val" style="height:6rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.3rem; margin-bottom:0.3rem;" />
    <div style="font-size:1.2rem;">Patrick du Val</div>
  </div>

<div style="text-align:center;">
    <img src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/maurice-amos.jpeg" alt="Maurice Amos" style="height:6rem; width:auto; border-radius:0.3rem; margin-bottom:0.3rem;" />
    <div style="font-size:1.2rem;">Maurice Amos</div>
  </div>
</div>

---

<style>
  .dialog-wrap { max-width: 88%; margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 0; }
  .scrollbox { max-height: 72vh; overflow-y: auto; padding-right: 0.5rem; }
  .bubble { display: inline-block; padding: 0.7rem 1rem; border-radius: 0.75rem; line-height: 1.3; font-size: 1.45rem; margin: 0.2rem 0 1.2rem 0; text-align: justify; }
  .left-bubble { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); }
  .right-bubble { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.15); }
  .row { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 1rem; }
  .left { justify-content: flex-start; }
  .right { justify-content: flex-end; flex-direction: row-reverse; }
  .speaker-img { height: 5.8rem; width: auto; border-radius: 0.3rem; margin-top: 0.4rem; }
  .source-footer { text-align: center; font-size: 0.9rem; opacity: 0.6; margin-top: 1rem; }
</style>

<div class="dialog-wrap">
  <div class="scrollbox">
    <div class="row left fragment">
      <img class="speaker-img" src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/maurice-amos.jpeg" alt="Maurice Amos" />
      <div class="bubble left-bubble">
        Ég skil ekki af hverju Einstein er frægari en þú, Rutherford. Þú bjóst til líkan af atóminu sem liggur til grundvallar nútímaeðlisfræði og hefur víðtækari hagnýtingar en þyngdarlögmál Einsteins — ef það er rétt yfirhöfuð. Ég get auðvitað ekki sagt annað í nærveru Eddington. En munurinn á kenningum Einsteins og Newtons er svo smávægilegur að ég skil ekki af hverju allir gera svona mikið úr þessu.
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="row right fragment">
      <img class="speaker-img" src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/rutherfords.jpg" alt="Ernest Rutherford" />
      <div class="bubble right-bubble">
        Það var Eddington sem skaut Einstein upp á stjörnuhimininn. Stríðinu var lokið og týnda kynslóðin leitaði að nýju leiðarljósi. Almenningur hafði alltaf hrifist af stjarnvísindum, og þegar kenningar hjá þýskum vísindamanni voru staðfestar af breskum stjarneðlisfræðingum, beint eftir stríð, var það kraftmikið tákn um að vísindi væru hafin yfir átök og pólitík. Eftir það var leikur einn fyrir bandaríska fjölmiðla að gera Einstein að stórstjörnu.
      </div>
    </div>

<div class="row left fragment">
      <img class="speaker-img" src="/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/arthur-eddington.jpeg" alt="Arthur Eddington" />
      <div class="bubble left-bubble">
        Hugsið ykkur samt ef Finlay-Freundlich hefði tekist að mæla ljóssveigju í sólmyrkvanum 1914. Á þeim tímapunkti hafði Einstein gert villu í útreikningum sínum og spáð sömu sveigju og í kenningu Newtons. Þá hefði kenning Einsteins misst trúverðugleika sinn og sagan verið önnur.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

<div class="source-footer">
    Þýtt úr S. Chandrasekhar, <em>Verifying the Theory of Relativity</em> (1976)
  </div>
</div>

---

<h3 style="font-size:2rem; text-transform:none; margin-bottom:0.8rem;">
  Íslensk dagblöð 1919
</h3>

---

## Okkur vantar hjálp!

<div style="
    width:86%; height:50vh;
    background-image:url('/assets/slides/solmyrkvi/img/cond2026.png');
    background-size:contain; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center;
    border-radius:0.6rem; box-shadow:0 4px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
  "></div>

<div style="
    width:82%;
    background:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);
    padding:1.3rem 1.6rem;
    border-radius:0.6rem;
    box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
    font-size:1.55rem; line-height:1.6; color:#f0f0f0;
  ">
    <ul style="margin:0;">
      <li>Við verðum með <strong>5 stjörnusjónauka og myndavélar</strong> í sólmyrkvanum.</li>
      <li>Ef þið hafið áhuga á að <strong>stýra einum af sjónaukunum</strong> eða <strong>vinna með gögnin</strong> — þá væri það frábært!</li>
    </ul>
  </div>

</div>